š¦š®š¹š¶š²š»š šš²š®šššæš²š š¢š³ 1956 šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»:
1- šŖšæš¶ššš²š» šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»- This is a written and lengthy document. It consists of 234 Articles divided into 13 parts and 6 schedules.
2- šš¹š²š
š¶šÆš¹š² šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»- The constitution could be amended through a process requiring the amendment to be passed by at least a two-thirds majority of the parliament. However, the president had the right to veto the draft, which then could be overridden by a simple parliamentary majority.
3-ššš¹š®šŗš¶š° š„š²š½ššÆš¹š¶š° š¢š³ š£š®šøš¶ššš®š» - The name of the country was adopted as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
4-š¢šÆš·š²š°šš¶šš²š š„š²šš¼š¹ššš¶š¼š» - The objective resolution was included as a preamble of the constitution.
5-šš²š±š²šæš®š¹ š¦šššš²šŗ - The constitution provides for a federal system in the country. Powers was divided between the centre and the provinces. The subjects were divided into three lists; The Federal List, The Provincial List, and the Concurrent List.
6-šØš»š¶š°š®šŗš²šæš®š¹ šš²š“š¶šš¹š®šššæš²- The legislature would consist of a single house. Both the wings of the country were given representation in the National Assembly. The National Assembly consisted of 300 members. 150 members were drawn from each wing.
7- š£š®šæš¹š¶š®šŗš²š»šš®šæš š¦šššš²šŗ - a parliamentary system was adopted, according to it the president was the head of state and the Prime Minister the head of government.
8-š§šµš² š£šæš²šš¶š±š²š»š- required to be a Muslim of at least forty years of age. The tenure of his office was five years. In case of the internal or external danger, he could declare a state of emergency in the country. He was authorized to appoint the Governors, the Judges of the Supreme Court, Auditor General and the Advocate General.
9-š§šµš² š£šæš¶šŗš² š š¶š»š¶ššš²šæ- He was to be the leader of the Parliamentary group and was thus indirectly elected by the people. He could choose his cabinet from the members of the National Assembly; the cabinet was answerable to the Assembly.
10-š£šæš¼šš¶š»š°š¶š®š¹ šššš¼š»š¼šŗš - Curtailed in the constitution to a great extent.
11-ššš¹š®šŗš¶š° šš®š- no law would be passed against the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah.
12-ššæš²š² ššš±š¶š°š¶š®šæš - An independent judiciary in the country. A Supreme Court interpreted the constitution, advised the state whenever required, and decided the issues whenever required.
13-ššš»š±š®šŗš²š»šš®š¹ š„š¶š“šµšš - including freedom of movement, freedom of speech and expression, freedom to choose profession and freedom to profess religion. Right to life, liberty, and property.
14-šš®š»š“šš®š“š²- Urdu & Bengali
š¦š®š¹š¶š²š»š šš²š®šššæš²š š¢š³ 1962 šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»:
1) šŖšæš¶ššš²š» šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»The Constitution of 1962 was a written document. It consisted of three schedules and 250 articles.
2) š„š¶š“š¶š± šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š» - A rigid constitution can only be amended through a particular process. If an amendment to the constitution is passed by at least two-third majority of the parliament then it becomes a part of law after authentication by the President.
3) šš²š±š²šæš®š¹ š¦šššš²šŗ - A federal system was introduced in the country. It consisted of a central government and two provincial government comprising East and West Pakistan.
4) š£šæš²šš¶š²š»šš¶š®š¹ ššæš¼šŗ š¢š³ šš¼šš²šæš»šŗš²š»š- President was the head Executive of the nation. He was empowered to nominate the ministers of his cabinet.
5) šØš»š¶š°š®šŗš²šæš®š¹ šš²š“š¶šš¹š®šššæš²- there is only one house in Parliament
6) šš»š±š¶šæš®š°š š š²ššµš¼š± š¢š³ šš¹š²š°šš¶š¼š»- The President was elected by an Electoral College comprising 80,000 Basic Democrats, equally distributed between the two provinces.
7) š£šæš¼šš¶š»š°š¶š®š¹ šš¼šš²šæš»šŗš²š»šš- There were two provincial governments. Each of them was headed by a governor. He enjoyed powers in the province which the President enjoyed in the centre. The Governor was empowered to appoint provincial ministers with the sanction of the President of Pakistan.
8) š£šæš¼šš¶š»š°š¶š®š¹ šš²š“š¶šš¹š®šššæš² - Each province was provided with a legislature. It originally consisted of 150 members. However, later on, this number was increased to 218.
9) š£š¼šš²šæš š¢š³ š£šæš²šš¶š±š²š»š- According to the 1962 Constitution the President should be a Muslim with the term of 5 years. He was eligible to promulgate Ordinances and veto against legislated laws only override-able by two/thirds of the National Assembly. However, the President was not empowered to dissolve the Assembly except the cost of his office also.
10) š„š²šššæš¶š°šš¶š¼š»š š¢š³ š§šµš² š£šæš²šš¶š±š²š»š- The President was not allowed to hold any office of profit in the service of Pakistan but was not prevented from holding a managing private property.
11) ššš¹š®šŗš¶š° šš®š-No Law would be passed against the teaching of Quran and Sunnah and the existing laws would be made Islamic.
12) ššš»š±š®šŗš²š»šš®š¹ š„š¶š“šµšš - The constitution of 1962 laid down fundamental rights of speech and expression, freedom to choose profession and freedom to profess religion. With regards to civil rights, familiar right such as the rights of life, livery and property was granted.
13) š„š¼š¹š² š¢š³ ššš±š¶š°š¶š®šæš- The Judiciary was responsible for the interpretation of laws and executive orders in the light of the principles embodied in a written constitution.
14) š¦šš½šæš²šŗš² ššš±š¶š°š¶š®š¹ šš¼šš»š°š¶š¹ - A supreme judicial council consisting of two judges of supreme court chief justice of supreme court and two judges of high courts was to be established.
šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š» š¢š³ 1973:
After taking control of the government in 1971. Z.A. Bhutto started work on a democratic constitution for the country. On 17th April 1972, the National Assembly constituted a committee to prepare a draft constitution. The Committee worked hard and prepared the draft of the constitution which was presented to the leaders of all parliamentary leaders on 20th October 1972. All the leaders signed the draft. After that, it was discussed and debated n the National Assembly which gave its approval on 10th April 1973. The President gave his assent on 12th April 1973. Finally, the Senate approved the constitution in August 1973. Consequently, the constitution was enforced in the country on 14th August 1973. According to the Constitution of 1973, Mr Z.A. Bhutto looks over as the tenth Prime Minister and Mr Fazl-e-Elahi was sworn in as the President of Pakistan.
š¦š®š¹š¶š²š»š šš²š®šššæš²š š¢š³ 1973 šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»:
The Constitution of 1973 is strikingly different from the earlier Constitution of 1956 and 1962. It has the following salient features.
1. šŖšæš¶ššš²š» šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»- Like the previous constitutions of 1956 and 1962, the Constitution of 1973 is a written document. It is very comprehensive and consists of twelve parts consisting of 280 articles.
2. šš»ššæš¼š±šš°šš¼šæš š¢š³ š§šµš² š¢šÆš·š²š°šš¶šš²š š„š²šš¼š¹ššš¶š¼š»-It commences with an introductory which slates Islam shall be the state religion. The principles and provisions set out in the Objectives Resolution have been made a substantive part of the constitution.
3. ššš¹š®šŗš¶š° š¦šššš²šŗ - The inclusion of Islamic Provisions has given the 1973 Constitution an unprecedented Islamic character. It ensures an Islamic system in the country.
4. š„š¶š“š¶š± šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»- It is a rigid constitution. No Government can change it at will. It is not easy to make amendments in it. A two-thirds majority of both the Houses is required for this purpose.
5. šš²š±š²šæš®š¹ š¦šššš²šŗ- The Constitution of 1973 has introduced a Federal system in the country. The federation of Pakistan consists of a Central Government and four Provincial Governments. The Federal Government is headed by a President elected by members of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)
6. š£š®š¹š¶š®šŗš²š»šš®šæš šš¼šæšŗ š¢š³ šš¼šš²šæš»šŗš²š»š- The 1973 Constitution proposes a Parliamentary form of Government in the country. Prime minister is the head of the Parliamentary system. He is the leader of the Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliamentary). He is elected on a direct adult franchise basis. The Prime Minister selects a cabinet of central ministers from the members of Parliament which conduct the affairs of the country. According to the 1973 Constitution, the Prime Minister enjoys wide powers.
7. šš¶š°š®šŗš²šæš®š¹ šš²š“š¶šš¹š®šššæš² - The Constitution provides for the establishment of a bicameral legislature in Pakistan. The Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) consists of two Houses named Senate and National Assembly. The Senate or the Upper House consists of 63 members (the 8th Amendment has raised this number to 87). The National Assembly consists of 200 members (Now this number has been raised to 207). The Majlis-e-Shoora enjoys wide powers of the legislature.
8. šš¶šæš²š°š š š²ššµš¼š± š¢š³ šš¹š²š°šš¶š¼š» - The Constitution of 1973 gives a direct method of election. The members of the National Assembly, the Provincial Assemblies are directly elected by the people.
9. ššš»š±š®šŗš²š»šš®š¹ š„š¶š“šµšš - The 1973 Constitution ensures the following fundamental rights to the citizens of Pakistan.
Security of person
Safeguard against unlawful arrest and detention
Prohibition of slavery and forced labour
Freedom of movement
Freedom of assembly
Freedom of association
Freedom of business
Freedom of speech
Freedom of professing religion
Right to hold property
Equality before law
Right to preserve language, script and culture
Safeguard against discrimination in services.
10. š£šæš¶š»š°š¶š½š²š¹š š¢š³ š£š¼š¹š¶š°š - The Constitution of 1973 has set the following principles of policy:
Local electoral bodies will be set up for solving local problems.
The parochial and other prejudices shall be discouraged.
The women shall be given full representation in all spheres of national life.
Social justice shall be promoted.
Bonds with Muslim world shall be strengthened.
11. šš»š±š²š½š²š»š±š²š»š°š² š¢š³ ššš±š¶š°š¶š®šæš- The Constitution of 1973 stresses upon the establishment of an independent judiciary. Full job security has been provided. The judges are appointed by the President. They cannot be removed from service before the end of their term except on the recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council. Also, Judges are paid respectable salaries.
12. š”š®šš¶š¼š»š®š¹ šš®š»š“šš®š“š²- The 1973 Constitution has declared Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. However, English has been retained as the official language for 15 years. Similarly, regional languages have been provided full protection.
13. š¦š¶š»š“š¹š² šš¶šš¶šš²š»ššµš¶š½- The Constitution of 1973 has established the principles of single citizenship. According to this principle, the rights and duties of the citizens are determined by the Federal Constitution only. Thus the people throughout Pakistan are citizens of Pakistan.
14. š„šš¹š² š¢š³ šš®š- The 1973 Constitution establishes the rule of law in Pakistan. According to the rule of law, no person can be deprived of his fundamental rights. All the citizens of Pakistan are equal before the law.
15. šš¶š“šµ š§šæš²š®šš¼š»- According to the Constitution of 1973, the act of unconstitutional abrogation of the Constitution has been declared as an act of High Treason.
16. š„š²š³š²šæš²š»š±ššŗ- The Constitution of 1973 has authorised the President to hold Referendum on any national issue. Similarly, the Prime Minister can ask the President to hold a referendum on any important national issue.
šš¼šæ š š¼šæš² šš»š³š¼šæšŗš®šš¶š¼š» š¦š®š¹š¶š²š»š šš²š®šššæš²š š¢š³ š£š®šøš¶ššš®š» šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»š
š¦š®š¹š¶š²š»š šš²š®šššæš²š š¢š³ 1956 šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»:
1- šŖšæš¶ššš²š» šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»- This is a written and lengthy document. It consists of 234 Articles divided into 13 parts and 6 schedules.
2- šš¹š²š
š¶šÆš¹š² šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»- The constitution could be amended through a process requiring the amendment to be passed by at least a two-thirds majority of the parliament. However, the president had the right to veto the draft, which then could be overridden by a simple parliamentary majority.
3-ššš¹š®šŗš¶š° š„š²š½ššÆš¹š¶š° š¢š³ š£š®šøš¶ššš®š» - The name of the country was adopted as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
4-š¢šÆš·š²š°šš¶šš²š š„š²šš¼š¹ššš¶š¼š» - The objective resolution was included as a preamble of the constitution.
5-šš²š±š²šæš®š¹ š¦šššš²šŗ - The constitution provides for a federal system in the country. Powers was divided between the centre and the provinces. The subjects were divided into three lists; The Federal List, The Provincial List, and the Concurrent List.
6-šØš»š¶š°š®šŗš²šæš®š¹ šš²š“š¶šš¹š®šššæš²- The legislature would consist of a single house. Both the wings of the country were given representation in the National Assembly. The National Assembly consisted of 300 members. 150 members were drawn from each wing.
7- š£š®šæš¹š¶š®šŗš²š»šš®šæš š¦šššš²šŗ - a parliamentary system was adopted, according to it the president was the head of state and the Prime Minister the head of government.
8-š§šµš² š£šæš²šš¶š±š²š»š- required to be a Muslim of at least forty years of age. The tenure of his office was five years. In case of the internal or external danger, he could declare a state of emergency in the country. He was authorized to appoint the Governors, the Judges of the Supreme Court, Auditor General and the Advocate General.
9-š§šµš² š£šæš¶šŗš² š š¶š»š¶ššš²šæ- He was to be the leader of the Parliamentary group and was thus indirectly elected by the people. He could choose his cabinet from the members of the National Assembly; the cabinet was answerable to the Assembly.
10-š£šæš¼šš¶š»š°š¶š®š¹ šššš¼š»š¼šŗš - Curtailed in the constitution to a great extent.
11-ššš¹š®šŗš¶š° šš®š- no law would be passed against the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah.
12-ššæš²š² ššš±š¶š°š¶š®šæš - An independent judiciary in the country. A Supreme Court interpreted the constitution, advised the state whenever required, and decided the issues whenever required.
13-ššš»š±š®šŗš²š»šš®š¹ š„š¶š“šµšš - including freedom of movement, freedom of speech and expression, freedom to choose profession and freedom to profess religion. Right to life, liberty, and property.
14-šš®š»š“šš®š“š²- Urdu & Bengali
š¦š®š¹š¶š²š»š šš²š®šššæš²š š¢š³ 1962 šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»:
1) šŖšæš¶ššš²š» šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»The Constitution of 1962 was a written document. It consisted of three schedules and 250 articles.
2) š„š¶š“š¶š± šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š» - A rigid constitution can only be amended through a particular process. If an amendment to the constitution is passed by at least two-third majority of the parliament then it becomes a part of law after authentication by the President.
3) šš²š±š²šæš®š¹ š¦šššš²šŗ - A federal system was introduced in the country. It consisted of a central government and two provincial government comprising East and West Pakistan.
4) š£šæš²šš¶š²š»šš¶š®š¹ ššæš¼šŗ š¢š³ šš¼šš²šæš»šŗš²š»š- President was the head Executive of the nation. He was empowered to nominate the ministers of his cabinet.
5) šØš»š¶š°š®šŗš²šæš®š¹ šš²š“š¶šš¹š®šššæš²- there is only one house in Parliament
6) šš»š±š¶šæš®š°š š š²ššµš¼š± š¢š³ šš¹š²š°šš¶š¼š»- The President was elected by an Electoral College comprising 80,000 Basic Democrats, equally distributed between the two provinces.
7) š£šæš¼šš¶š»š°š¶š®š¹ šš¼šš²šæš»šŗš²š»šš- There were two provincial governments. Each of them was headed by a governor. He enjoyed powers in the province which the President enjoyed in the centre. The Governor was empowered to appoint provincial ministers with the sanction of the President of Pakistan.
8) š£šæš¼šš¶š»š°š¶š®š¹ šš²š“š¶šš¹š®šššæš² - Each province was provided with a legislature. It originally consisted of 150 members. However, later on, this number was increased to 218.
9) š£š¼šš²šæš š¢š³ š£šæš²šš¶š±š²š»š- According to the 1962 Constitution the President should be a Muslim with the term of 5 years. He was eligible to promulgate Ordinances and veto against legislated laws only override-able by two/thirds of the National Assembly. However, the President was not empowered to dissolve the Assembly except the cost of his office also.
10) š„š²šššæš¶š°šš¶š¼š»š š¢š³ š§šµš² š£šæš²šš¶š±š²š»š- The President was not allowed to hold any office of profit in the service of Pakistan but was not prevented from holding a managing private property.
11) ššš¹š®šŗš¶š° šš®š-No Law would be passed against the teaching of Quran and Sunnah and the existing laws would be made Islamic.
12) ššš»š±š®šŗš²š»šš®š¹ š„š¶š“šµšš - The constitution of 1962 laid down fundamental rights of speech and expression, freedom to choose profession and freedom to profess religion. With regards to civil rights, familiar right such as the rights of life, livery and property was granted.
13) š„š¼š¹š² š¢š³ ššš±š¶š°š¶š®šæš- The Judiciary was responsible for the interpretation of laws and executive orders in the light of the principles embodied in a written constitution.
14) š¦šš½šæš²šŗš² ššš±š¶š°š¶š®š¹ šš¼šš»š°š¶š¹ - A supreme judicial council consisting of two judges of supreme court chief justice of supreme court and two judges of high courts was to be established.
šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š» š¢š³ 1973:
After taking control of the government in 1971. Z.A. Bhutto started work on a democratic constitution for the country. On 17th April 1972, the National Assembly constituted a committee to prepare a draft constitution. The Committee worked hard and prepared the draft of the constitution which was presented to the leaders of all parliamentary leaders on 20th October 1972. All the leaders signed the draft. After that, it was discussed and debated n the National Assembly which gave its approval on 10th April 1973. The President gave his assent on 12th April 1973. Finally, the Senate approved the constitution in August 1973. Consequently, the constitution was enforced in the country on 14th August 1973. According to the Constitution of 1973, Mr Z.A. Bhutto looks over as the tenth Prime Minister and Mr Fazl-e-Elahi was sworn in as the President of Pakistan.
š¦š®š¹š¶š²š»š šš²š®šššæš²š š¢š³ 1973 šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»:
The Constitution of 1973 is strikingly different from the earlier Constitution of 1956 and 1962. It has the following salient features.
1. šŖšæš¶ššš²š» šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»- Like the previous constitutions of 1956 and 1962, the Constitution of 1973 is a written document. It is very comprehensive and consists of twelve parts consisting of 280 articles.
2. šš»ššæš¼š±šš°šš¼šæš š¢š³ š§šµš² š¢šÆš·š²š°šš¶šš²š š„š²šš¼š¹ššš¶š¼š»-It commences with an introductory which slates Islam shall be the state religion. The principles and provisions set out in the Objectives Resolution have been made a substantive part of the constitution.
3. ššš¹š®šŗš¶š° š¦šššš²šŗ - The inclusion of Islamic Provisions has given the 1973 Constitution an unprecedented Islamic character. It ensures an Islamic system in the country.
4. š„š¶š“š¶š± šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»- It is a rigid constitution. No Government can change it at will. It is not easy to make amendments in it. A two-thirds majority of both the Houses is required for this purpose.
5. šš²š±š²šæš®š¹ š¦šššš²šŗ- The Constitution of 1973 has introduced a Federal system in the country. The federation of Pakistan consists of a Central Government and four Provincial Governments. The Federal Government is headed by a President elected by members of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)
6. š£š®š¹š¶š®šŗš²š»šš®šæš šš¼šæšŗ š¢š³ šš¼šš²šæš»šŗš²š»š- The 1973 Constitution proposes a Parliamentary form of Government in the country. Prime minister is the head of the Parliamentary system. He is the leader of the Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliamentary). He is elected on a direct adult franchise basis. The Prime Minister selects a cabinet of central ministers from the members of Parliament which conduct the affairs of the country. According to the 1973 Constitution, the Prime Minister enjoys wide powers.
7. šš¶š°š®šŗš²šæš®š¹ šš²š“š¶šš¹š®šššæš² - The Constitution provides for the establishment of a bicameral legislature in Pakistan. The Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) consists of two Houses named Senate and National Assembly. The Senate or the Upper House consists of 63 members (the 8th Amendment has raised this number to 87). The National Assembly consists of 200 members (Now this number has been raised to 207). The Majlis-e-Shoora enjoys wide powers of the legislature.
8. šš¶šæš²š°š š š²ššµš¼š± š¢š³ šš¹š²š°šš¶š¼š» - The Constitution of 1973 gives a direct method of election. The members of the National Assembly, the Provincial Assemblies are directly elected by the people.
9. ššš»š±š®šŗš²š»šš®š¹ š„š¶š“šµšš - The 1973 Constitution ensures the following fundamental rights to the citizens of Pakistan.
Security of person
Safeguard against unlawful arrest and detention
Prohibition of slavery and forced labour
Freedom of movement
Freedom of assembly
Freedom of association
Freedom of business
Freedom of speech
Freedom of professing religion
Right to hold property
Equality before law
Right to preserve language, script and culture
Safeguard against discrimination in services.
10. š£šæš¶š»š°š¶š½š²š¹š š¢š³ š£š¼š¹š¶š°š - The Constitution of 1973 has set the following principles of policy:
Local electoral bodies will be set up for solving local problems.
The parochial and other prejudices shall be discouraged.
The women shall be given full representation in all spheres of national life.
Social justice shall be promoted.
Bonds with Muslim world shall be strengthened.
11. šš»š±š²š½š²š»š±š²š»š°š² š¢š³ ššš±š¶š°š¶š®šæš- The Constitution of 1973 stresses upon the establishment of an independent judiciary. Full job security has been provided. The judges are appointed by the President. They cannot be removed from service before the end of their term except on the recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council. Also, Judges are paid respectable salaries.
12. š”š®šš¶š¼š»š®š¹ šš®š»š“šš®š“š²- The 1973 Constitution has declared Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. However, English has been retained as the official language for 15 years. Similarly, regional languages have been provided full protection.
13. š¦š¶š»š“š¹š² šš¶šš¶šš²š»ššµš¶š½- The Constitution of 1973 has established the principles of single citizenship. According to this principle, the rights and duties of the citizens are determined by the Federal Constitution only. Thus the people throughout Pakistan are citizens of Pakistan.
14. š„šš¹š² š¢š³ šš®š- The 1973 Constitution establishes the rule of law in Pakistan. According to the rule of law, no person can be deprived of his fundamental rights. All the citizens of Pakistan are equal before the law.
15. šš¶š“šµ š§šæš²š®šš¼š»- According to the Constitution of 1973, the act of unconstitutional abrogation of the Constitution has been declared as an act of High Treason.
16. š„š²š³š²šæš²š»š±ššŗ- The Constitution of 1973 has authorised the President to hold Referendum on any national issue. Similarly, the Prime Minister can ask the President to hold a referendum on any important national issue.
šš¼šæ š š¼šæš² šš»š³š¼šæšŗš®šš¶š¼š» šš¼š¹š¹š¼š š š² š š¦š®š¹š¶š²š»š šš²š®šššæš²š š¢š³ š£š®šøš¶ššš®š» šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»š
š¦š®š¹š¶š²š»š šš²š®šššæš²š š¢š³ 1956 šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»:
1- šŖšæš¶ššš²š» šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»- This is a written and lengthy document. It consists of 234 Articles divided into 13 parts and 6 schedules.
2- šš¹š²š
š¶šÆš¹š² šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»- The constitution could be amended through a process requiring the amendment to be passed by at least a two-thirds majority of the parliament. However, the president had the right to veto the draft, which then could be overridden by a simple parliamentary majority.
3-ššš¹š®šŗš¶š° š„š²š½ššÆš¹š¶š° š¢š³ š£š®šøš¶ššš®š» - The name of the country was adopted as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
4-š¢šÆš·š²š°šš¶šš²š š„š²šš¼š¹ššš¶š¼š» - The objective resolution was included as a preamble of the constitution.
5-šš²š±š²šæš®š¹ š¦šššš²šŗ - The constitution provides for a federal system in the country. Powers was divided between the centre and the provinces. The subjects were divided into three lists; The Federal List, The Provincial List, and the Concurrent List.
6-šØš»š¶š°š®šŗš²šæš®š¹ šš²š“š¶šš¹š®šššæš²- The legislature would consist of a single house. Both the wings of the country were given representation in the National Assembly. The National Assembly consisted of 300 members. 150 members were drawn from each wing.
7- š£š®šæš¹š¶š®šŗš²š»šš®šæš š¦šššš²šŗ - a parliamentary system was adopted, according to it the president was the head of state and the Prime Minister the head of government.
8-š§šµš² š£šæš²šš¶š±š²š»š- required to be a Muslim of at least forty years of age. The tenure of his office was five years. In case of the internal or external danger, he could declare a state of emergency in the country. He was authorized to appoint the Governors, the Judges of the Supreme Court, Auditor General and the Advocate General.
9-š§šµš² š£šæš¶šŗš² š š¶š»š¶ššš²šæ- He was to be the leader of the Parliamentary group and was thus indirectly elected by the people. He could choose his cabinet from the members of the National Assembly; the cabinet was answerable to the Assembly.
10-š£šæš¼šš¶š»š°š¶š®š¹ šššš¼š»š¼šŗš - Curtailed in the constitution to a great extent.
11-ššš¹š®šŗš¶š° šš®š- no law would be passed against the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah.
12-ššæš²š² ššš±š¶š°š¶š®šæš - An independent judiciary in the country. A Supreme Court interpreted the constitution, advised the state whenever required, and decided the issues whenever required.
13-ššš»š±š®šŗš²š»šš®š¹ š„š¶š“šµšš - including freedom of movement, freedom of speech and expression, freedom to choose profession and freedom to profess religion. Right to life, liberty, and property.
14-šš®š»š“šš®š“š²- Urdu & Bengali
š¦š®š¹š¶š²š»š šš²š®šššæš²š š¢š³ 1962 šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»:
1) šŖšæš¶ššš²š» šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»The Constitution of 1962 was a written document. It consisted of three schedules and 250 articles.
2) š„š¶š“š¶š± šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š» - A rigid constitution can only be amended through a particular process. If an amendment to the constitution is passed by at least two-third majority of the parliament then it becomes a part of law after authentication by the President.
3) šš²š±š²šæš®š¹ š¦šššš²šŗ - A federal system was introduced in the country. It consisted of a central government and two provincial government comprising East and West Pakistan.
4) š£šæš²šš¶š²š»šš¶š®š¹ ššæš¼šŗ š¢š³ šš¼šš²šæš»šŗš²š»š- President was the head Executive of the nation. He was empowered to nominate the ministers of his cabinet.
5) šØš»š¶š°š®šŗš²šæš®š¹ šš²š“š¶šš¹š®šššæš²- there is only one house in Parliament
6) šš»š±š¶šæš®š°š š š²ššµš¼š± š¢š³ šš¹š²š°šš¶š¼š»- The President was elected by an Electoral College comprising 80,000 Basic Democrats, equally distributed between the two provinces.
7) š£šæš¼šš¶š»š°š¶š®š¹ šš¼šš²šæš»šŗš²š»šš- There were two provincial governments. Each of them was headed by a governor. He enjoyed powers in the province which the President enjoyed in the centre. The Governor was empowered to appoint provincial ministers with the sanction of the President of Pakistan.
8) š£šæš¼šš¶š»š°š¶š®š¹ šš²š“š¶šš¹š®šššæš² - Each province was provided with a legislature. It originally consisted of 150 members. However, later on, this number was increased to 218.
9) š£š¼šš²šæš š¢š³ š£šæš²šš¶š±š²š»š- According to the 1962 Constitution the President should be a Muslim with the term of 5 years. He was eligible to promulgate Ordinances and veto against legislated laws only override-able by two/thirds of the National Assembly. However, the President was not empowered to dissolve the Assembly except the cost of his office also.
10) š„š²šššæš¶š°šš¶š¼š»š š¢š³ š§šµš² š£šæš²šš¶š±š²š»š- The President was not allowed to hold any office of profit in the service of Pakistan but was not prevented from holding a managing private property.
11) ššš¹š®šŗš¶š° šš®š-No Law would be passed against the teaching of Quran and Sunnah and the existing laws would be made Islamic.
12) ššš»š±š®šŗš²š»šš®š¹ š„š¶š“šµšš - The constitution of 1962 laid down fundamental rights of speech and expression, freedom to choose profession and freedom to profess religion. With regards to civil rights, familiar right such as the rights of life, livery and property was granted.
13) š„š¼š¹š² š¢š³ ššš±š¶š°š¶š®šæš- The Judiciary was responsible for the interpretation of laws and executive orders in the light of the principles embodied in a written constitution.
14) š¦šš½šæš²šŗš² ššš±š¶š°š¶š®š¹ šš¼šš»š°š¶š¹ - A supreme judicial council consisting of two judges of supreme court chief justice of supreme court and two judges of high courts was to be established.
šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š» š¢š³ 1973:
After taking control of the government in 1971. Z.A. Bhutto started work on a democratic constitution for the country. On 17th April 1972, the National Assembly constituted a committee to prepare a draft constitution. The Committee worked hard and prepared the draft of the constitution which was presented to the leaders of all parliamentary leaders on 20th October 1972. All the leaders signed the draft. After that, it was discussed and debated n the National Assembly which gave its approval on 10th April 1973. The President gave his assent on 12th April 1973. Finally, the Senate approved the constitution in August 1973. Consequently, the constitution was enforced in the country on 14th August 1973. According to the Constitution of 1973, Mr Z.A. Bhutto looks over as the tenth Prime Minister and Mr Fazl-e-Elahi was sworn in as the President of Pakistan.
š¦š®š¹š¶š²š»š šš²š®šššæš²š š¢š³ 1973 šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»:
The Constitution of 1973 is strikingly different from the earlier Constitution of 1956 and 1962. It has the following salient features.
1. šŖšæš¶ššš²š» šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»- Like the previous constitutions of 1956 and 1962, the Constitution of 1973 is a written document. It is very comprehensive and consists of twelve parts consisting of 280 articles.
2. šš»ššæš¼š±šš°šš¼šæš š¢š³ š§šµš² š¢šÆš·š²š°šš¶šš²š š„š²šš¼š¹ššš¶š¼š»-It commences with an introductory which slates Islam shall be the state religion. The principles and provisions set out in the Objectives Resolution have been made a substantive part of the constitution.
3. ššš¹š®šŗš¶š° š¦šššš²šŗ - The inclusion of Islamic Provisions has given the 1973 Constitution an unprecedented Islamic character. It ensures an Islamic system in the country.
4. š„š¶š“š¶š± šš¼š»ššš¶šššš¶š¼š»- It is a rigid constitution. No Government can change it at will. It is not easy to make amendments in it. A two-thirds majority of both the Houses is required for this purpose.
5. šš²š±š²šæš®š¹ š¦šššš²šŗ- The Constitution of 1973 has introduced a Federal system in the country. The federation of Pakistan consists of a Central Government and four Provincial Governments. The Federal Government is headed by a President elected by members of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)
6. š£š®š¹š¶š®šŗš²š»šš®šæš šš¼šæšŗ š¢š³ šš¼šš²šæš»šŗš²š»š- The 1973 Constitution proposes a Parliamentary form of Government in the country. Prime minister is the head of the Parliamentary system. He is the leader of the Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliamentary). He is elected on a direct adult franchise basis. The Prime Minister selects a cabinet of central ministers from the members of Parliament which conduct the affairs of the country. According to the 1973 Constitution, the Prime Minister enjoys wide powers.
7. šš¶š°š®šŗš²šæš®š¹ šš²š“š¶šš¹š®šššæš² - The Constitution provides for the establishment of a bicameral legislature in Pakistan. The Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) consists of two Houses named Senate and National Assembly. The Senate or the Upper House consists of 63 members (the 8th Amendment has raised this number to 87). The National Assembly consists of 200 members (Now this number has been raised to 207). The Majlis-e-Shoora enjoys wide powers of the legislature.
8. šš¶šæš²š°š š š²ššµš¼š± š¢š³ šš¹š²š°šš¶š¼š» - The Constitution of 1973 gives a direct method of election. The members of the National Assembly, the Provincial Assemblies are directly elected by the people.
9. ššš»š±š®šŗš²š»šš®š¹ š„š¶š“šµšš - The 1973 Constitution ensures the following fundamental rights to the citizens of Pakistan.
Security of person
Safeguard against unlawful arrest and detention
Prohibition of slavery and forced labour
Freedom of movement
Freedom of assembly
Freedom of association
Freedom of business
Freedom of speech
Freedom of professing religion
Right to hold property
Equality before law
Right to preserve language, script and culture
Safeguard against discrimination in services.
10. š£šæš¶š»š°š¶š½š²š¹š š¢š³ š£š¼š¹š¶š°š - The Constitution of 1973 has set the following principles of policy:
Local electoral bodies will be set up for solving local problems.
The parochial and other prejudices shall be discouraged.
The women shall be given full representation in all spheres of national life.
Social justice shall be promoted.
Bonds with Muslim world shall be strengthened.
11. šš»š±š²š½š²š»š±š²š»š°š² š¢š³ ššš±š¶š°š¶š®šæš- The Constitution of 1973 stresses upon the establishment of an independent judiciary. Full job security has been provided. The judges are appointed by the President. They cannot be removed from service before the end of their term except on the recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council. Also, Judges are paid respectable salaries.
12. š”š®šš¶š¼š»š®š¹ šš®š»š“šš®š“š²- The 1973 Constitution has declared Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. However, English has been retained as the official language for 15 years. Similarly, regional languages have been provided full protection.
13. š¦š¶š»š“š¹š² šš¶šš¶šš²š»ššµš¶š½- The Constitution of 1973 has established the principles of single citizenship. According to this principle, the rights and duties of the citizens are determined by the Federal Constitution only. Thus the people throughout Pakistan are citizens of Pakistan.
14. š„šš¹š² š¢š³ šš®š- The 1973 Constitution establishes the rule of law in Pakistan. According to the rule of law, no person can be deprived of his fundamental rights. All the citizens of Pakistan are equal before the law.
15. šš¶š“šµ š§šæš²š®šš¼š»- According to the Constitution of 1973, the act of unconstitutional abrogation of the Constitution has been declared as an act of High Treason.
16. š„š²š³š²šæš²š»š±ššŗ- The Constitution of 1973 has authorised the President to hold Referendum on any national issue. Similarly, the Prime Minister can ask the President to hold a referendum on any important national issue.
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