𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳 𝗣𝗮𝗸𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀

𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳 1956 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:

1- 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- This is a written and lengthy document. It consists of 234 Articles divided into 13 parts and 6 schedules.

2- 𝗙𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- The constitution could be amended through a process requiring the amendment to be passed by at least a two-thirds majority of the parliament. However, the president had the right to veto the draft, which then could be overridden by a simple parliamentary majority.

3-𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗥𝗲𝗽𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗢𝗳 𝗣𝗮𝗸𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻 - The name of the country was adopted as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

4-𝗢𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - The objective resolution was included as a preamble of the constitution.

5-𝗙𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 - The constitution provides for a federal system in the country. Powers was divided between the centre and the provinces. The subjects were divided into three lists; The Federal List, The Provincial List, and the Concurrent List.

6-𝗨𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲- The legislature would consist of a single house. Both the wings of the country were given representation in the National Assembly. The National Assembly consisted of 300 members. 150 members were drawn from each wing.

7- 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 - a parliamentary system was adopted, according to it the president was the head of state and the Prime Minister the head of government.

8-𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁- required to be a Muslim of at least forty years of age. The tenure of his office was five years. In case of the internal or external danger, he could declare a state of emergency in the country. He was authorized to appoint the Governors, the Judges of the Supreme Court, Auditor General and the Advocate General.

9-𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗺𝗲 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿- He was to be the leader of the Parliamentary group and was thus indirectly elected by the people. He could choose his cabinet from the members of the National Assembly; the cabinet was answerable to the Assembly.

10-𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝘂𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗺𝘆 - Curtailed in the constitution to a great extent.

11-𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗟𝗮𝘄- no law would be passed against the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah.

12-𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗿𝘆 - An independent judiciary in the country. A Supreme Court interpreted the constitution, advised the state whenever required, and decided the issues whenever required.

13-𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝘀 - including freedom of movement, freedom of speech and expression, freedom to choose profession and freedom to profess religion. Right to life, liberty, and property.

14-𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲- Urdu & Bengali

𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳 1962 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:

1) 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻The Constitution of 1962 was a written document. It consisted of three schedules and 250 articles.

2) 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - A rigid constitution can only be amended through a particular process. If an amendment to the constitution is passed by at least two-third majority of the parliament then it becomes a part of law after authentication by the President.

3) 𝗙𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 - A federal system was introduced in the country. It consisted of a central government and two provincial government comprising East and West Pakistan.

4) 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗢𝗳 𝗚𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁- President was the head Executive of the nation. He was empowered to nominate the ministers of his cabinet.

5) 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲-  there is only one house in Parliament

6) 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁 𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱 𝗢𝗳 𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- The President was elected by an Electoral College comprising 80,000 Basic Democrats, equally distributed between the two provinces.

7) 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗚𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀- There were two provincial governments. Each of them was headed by a governor. He enjoyed powers in the province which the President enjoyed in the centre. The Governor was empowered to appoint provincial ministers with the sanction of the President of Pakistan.

8) 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 - Each province was provided with a legislature. It originally consisted of 150 members. However, later on, this number was increased to 218.

9) 𝗣𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗢𝗳 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁- According to the 1962 Constitution the President should be a Muslim with the term of 5 years. He was eligible to promulgate Ordinances and veto against legislated laws only override-able by two/thirds of the National Assembly. However, the President was not empowered to dissolve the Assembly except the cost of his office also.

10) 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗢𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁- The President was not allowed to hold any office of profit in the service of Pakistan but was not prevented from holding a managing private property.

11) 𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗟𝗮𝘄-No Law would be passed against the teaching of Quran and Sunnah and the existing laws would be made Islamic.

12) 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝘀 - The constitution of 1962 laid down fundamental rights of speech and expression, freedom to choose profession and freedom to profess religion. With regards to civil rights, familiar right such as the rights of life, livery and property was granted.

13) 𝗥𝗼𝗹𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗿𝘆- The Judiciary was responsible for the interpretation of laws and executive orders in the light of the principles embodied in a written constitution.

14) 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗹 - A supreme judicial council consisting of two judges of supreme court chief justice of supreme court and two judges of high courts was to be established.

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗳 1973:

After taking control of the government in 1971. Z.A. Bhutto started work on a democratic constitution for the country. On 17th April 1972, the National Assembly constituted a committee to prepare a draft constitution. The Committee worked hard and prepared the draft of the constitution which was presented to the leaders of all parliamentary leaders on 20th October 1972. All the leaders signed the draft. After that, it was discussed and debated n the National Assembly which gave its approval on 10th April 1973. The President gave his assent on 12th April 1973. Finally, the Senate approved the constitution in August 1973. Consequently, the constitution was enforced in the country on 14th August 1973. According to the Constitution of 1973, Mr Z.A. Bhutto looks over as the tenth Prime Minister and Mr Fazl-e-Elahi was sworn in as the President of Pakistan.

𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳 1973 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:

The Constitution of 1973 is strikingly different from the earlier Constitution of 1956 and 1962. It has the following salient features.

1. 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- Like the previous constitutions of 1956 and 1962, the Constitution of 1973 is a written document. It is very comprehensive and consists of twelve parts consisting of 280 articles.

2. 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗢𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻-It commences with an introductory which slates Islam shall be the state religion. The principles and provisions set out in the Objectives Resolution have been made a substantive part of the constitution.

3. 𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 - The inclusion of Islamic Provisions has given the 1973 Constitution an unprecedented Islamic character. It ensures an Islamic system in the country.

4. 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- It is a rigid constitution. No Government can change it at will. It is not easy to make amendments in it. A two-thirds majority of both the Houses is required for this purpose.

5. 𝗙𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺- The Constitution of 1973 has introduced a Federal system in the country. The federation of Pakistan consists of a Central Government and four Provincial Governments. The Federal Government is headed by a President elected by members of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)

6. 𝗣𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺 𝗢𝗳 𝗚𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁- The 1973 Constitution proposes a Parliamentary form of Government in the country. Prime minister is the head of the Parliamentary system. He is the leader of the Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliamentary). He is elected on a direct adult franchise basis. The Prime Minister selects a cabinet of central ministers from the members of Parliament which conduct the affairs of the country. According to the 1973 Constitution, the Prime Minister enjoys wide powers.

7. 𝗕𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 - The Constitution provides for the establishment of a bicameral legislature in Pakistan. The Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) consists of two Houses named Senate and National Assembly. The Senate or the Upper House consists of 63 members (the 8th Amendment has raised this number to 87). The National Assembly consists of 200 members (Now this number has been raised to 207). The Majlis-e-Shoora enjoys wide powers of the legislature.

8. 𝗗𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱 𝗢𝗳 𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - The Constitution of 1973 gives a direct method of election. The members of the National Assembly, the Provincial Assemblies are directly elected by the people.

9. 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝘀 - The 1973 Constitution ensures the following fundamental rights to the citizens of Pakistan.

Security of person

Safeguard against unlawful arrest and detention

Prohibition of slavery and forced labour

Freedom of movement

Freedom of assembly

Freedom of association

Freedom of business

Freedom of speech

Freedom of professing religion

Right to hold property

Equality before law

Right to preserve language, script and culture

Safeguard against discrimination in services.

10. 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗲𝗹𝘀 𝗢𝗳 𝗣𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘆 - The Constitution of 1973 has set the following principles of policy:

Local electoral bodies will be set up for solving local problems.

The parochial and other prejudices shall be discouraged.

The women shall be given full representation in all spheres of national life.

Social justice shall be promoted.

Bonds with Muslim world shall be strengthened.

11. 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗿𝘆- The Constitution of 1973 stresses upon the establishment of an independent judiciary. Full job security has been provided. The judges are appointed by the President. They cannot be removed from service before the end of their term except on the recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council. Also, Judges are paid respectable salaries.

12. 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲- The 1973 Constitution has declared Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. However, English has been retained as the official language for 15 years. Similarly, regional languages have been provided full protection.

13. 𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲 𝗖𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘇𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽- The Constitution of 1973 has established the principles of single citizenship. According to this principle, the rights and duties of the citizens are determined by the Federal Constitution only. Thus the people throughout Pakistan are citizens of Pakistan.

14. 𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗟𝗮𝘄- The 1973 Constitution establishes the rule of law in Pakistan. According to the rule of law, no person can be deprived of his fundamental rights. All the citizens of Pakistan are equal before the law.

15. 𝗛𝗶𝗴𝗵 𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗼𝗻- According to the Constitution of 1973, the act of unconstitutional abrogation of the Constitution has been declared as an act of High Treason.

16. 𝗥𝗲𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗺- The Constitution of 1973 has authorised the President to hold Referendum on any national issue. Similarly, the Prime Minister can ask the President to hold a referendum on any important national issue.

𝗙𝗼𝗿 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳 𝗣𝗮𝗸𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀

𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳 1956 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:

1- 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- This is a written and lengthy document. It consists of 234 Articles divided into 13 parts and 6 schedules.

2- 𝗙𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- The constitution could be amended through a process requiring the amendment to be passed by at least a two-thirds majority of the parliament. However, the president had the right to veto the draft, which then could be overridden by a simple parliamentary majority.

3-𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗥𝗲𝗽𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗢𝗳 𝗣𝗮𝗸𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻 - The name of the country was adopted as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

4-𝗢𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - The objective resolution was included as a preamble of the constitution.

5-𝗙𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 - The constitution provides for a federal system in the country. Powers was divided between the centre and the provinces. The subjects were divided into three lists; The Federal List, The Provincial List, and the Concurrent List.

6-𝗨𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲- The legislature would consist of a single house. Both the wings of the country were given representation in the National Assembly. The National Assembly consisted of 300 members. 150 members were drawn from each wing.

7- 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 - a parliamentary system was adopted, according to it the president was the head of state and the Prime Minister the head of government.

8-𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁- required to be a Muslim of at least forty years of age. The tenure of his office was five years. In case of the internal or external danger, he could declare a state of emergency in the country. He was authorized to appoint the Governors, the Judges of the Supreme Court, Auditor General and the Advocate General.

9-𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗺𝗲 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿- He was to be the leader of the Parliamentary group and was thus indirectly elected by the people. He could choose his cabinet from the members of the National Assembly; the cabinet was answerable to the Assembly.

10-𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝘂𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗺𝘆 - Curtailed in the constitution to a great extent.

11-𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗟𝗮𝘄- no law would be passed against the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah.

12-𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗿𝘆 - An independent judiciary in the country. A Supreme Court interpreted the constitution, advised the state whenever required, and decided the issues whenever required.

13-𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝘀 - including freedom of movement, freedom of speech and expression, freedom to choose profession and freedom to profess religion. Right to life, liberty, and property.

14-𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲- Urdu & Bengali

𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳 1962 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:

1) 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻The Constitution of 1962 was a written document. It consisted of three schedules and 250 articles.

2) 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - A rigid constitution can only be amended through a particular process. If an amendment to the constitution is passed by at least two-third majority of the parliament then it becomes a part of law after authentication by the President.

3) 𝗙𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 - A federal system was introduced in the country. It consisted of a central government and two provincial government comprising East and West Pakistan.

4) 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗢𝗳 𝗚𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁- President was the head Executive of the nation. He was empowered to nominate the ministers of his cabinet.

5) 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲-  there is only one house in Parliament

6) 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁 𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱 𝗢𝗳 𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- The President was elected by an Electoral College comprising 80,000 Basic Democrats, equally distributed between the two provinces.

7) 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗚𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀- There were two provincial governments. Each of them was headed by a governor. He enjoyed powers in the province which the President enjoyed in the centre. The Governor was empowered to appoint provincial ministers with the sanction of the President of Pakistan.

8) 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 - Each province was provided with a legislature. It originally consisted of 150 members. However, later on, this number was increased to 218.

9) 𝗣𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗢𝗳 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁- According to the 1962 Constitution the President should be a Muslim with the term of 5 years. He was eligible to promulgate Ordinances and veto against legislated laws only override-able by two/thirds of the National Assembly. However, the President was not empowered to dissolve the Assembly except the cost of his office also.

10) 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗢𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁- The President was not allowed to hold any office of profit in the service of Pakistan but was not prevented from holding a managing private property.

11) 𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗟𝗮𝘄-No Law would be passed against the teaching of Quran and Sunnah and the existing laws would be made Islamic.

12) 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝘀 - The constitution of 1962 laid down fundamental rights of speech and expression, freedom to choose profession and freedom to profess religion. With regards to civil rights, familiar right such as the rights of life, livery and property was granted.

13) 𝗥𝗼𝗹𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗿𝘆- The Judiciary was responsible for the interpretation of laws and executive orders in the light of the principles embodied in a written constitution.

14) 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗹 - A supreme judicial council consisting of two judges of supreme court chief justice of supreme court and two judges of high courts was to be established.

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗳 1973:

After taking control of the government in 1971. Z.A. Bhutto started work on a democratic constitution for the country. On 17th April 1972, the National Assembly constituted a committee to prepare a draft constitution. The Committee worked hard and prepared the draft of the constitution which was presented to the leaders of all parliamentary leaders on 20th October 1972. All the leaders signed the draft. After that, it was discussed and debated n the National Assembly which gave its approval on 10th April 1973. The President gave his assent on 12th April 1973. Finally, the Senate approved the constitution in August 1973. Consequently, the constitution was enforced in the country on 14th August 1973. According to the Constitution of 1973, Mr Z.A. Bhutto looks over as the tenth Prime Minister and Mr Fazl-e-Elahi was sworn in as the President of Pakistan.

𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳 1973 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:

The Constitution of 1973 is strikingly different from the earlier Constitution of 1956 and 1962. It has the following salient features.

1. 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- Like the previous constitutions of 1956 and 1962, the Constitution of 1973 is a written document. It is very comprehensive and consists of twelve parts consisting of 280 articles.

2. 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗢𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻-It commences with an introductory which slates Islam shall be the state religion. The principles and provisions set out in the Objectives Resolution have been made a substantive part of the constitution.

3. 𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 - The inclusion of Islamic Provisions has given the 1973 Constitution an unprecedented Islamic character. It ensures an Islamic system in the country.

4. 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- It is a rigid constitution. No Government can change it at will. It is not easy to make amendments in it. A two-thirds majority of both the Houses is required for this purpose.

5. 𝗙𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺- The Constitution of 1973 has introduced a Federal system in the country. The federation of Pakistan consists of a Central Government and four Provincial Governments. The Federal Government is headed by a President elected by members of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)

6. 𝗣𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺 𝗢𝗳 𝗚𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁- The 1973 Constitution proposes a Parliamentary form of Government in the country. Prime minister is the head of the Parliamentary system. He is the leader of the Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliamentary). He is elected on a direct adult franchise basis. The Prime Minister selects a cabinet of central ministers from the members of Parliament which conduct the affairs of the country. According to the 1973 Constitution, the Prime Minister enjoys wide powers.

7. 𝗕𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 - The Constitution provides for the establishment of a bicameral legislature in Pakistan. The Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) consists of two Houses named Senate and National Assembly. The Senate or the Upper House consists of 63 members (the 8th Amendment has raised this number to 87). The National Assembly consists of 200 members (Now this number has been raised to 207). The Majlis-e-Shoora enjoys wide powers of the legislature.

8. 𝗗𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱 𝗢𝗳 𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - The Constitution of 1973 gives a direct method of election. The members of the National Assembly, the Provincial Assemblies are directly elected by the people.

9. 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝘀 - The 1973 Constitution ensures the following fundamental rights to the citizens of Pakistan.

Security of person

Safeguard against unlawful arrest and detention

Prohibition of slavery and forced labour

Freedom of movement

Freedom of assembly

Freedom of association

Freedom of business

Freedom of speech

Freedom of professing religion

Right to hold property

Equality before law

Right to preserve language, script and culture

Safeguard against discrimination in services.

10. 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗲𝗹𝘀 𝗢𝗳 𝗣𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘆 - The Constitution of 1973 has set the following principles of policy:

Local electoral bodies will be set up for solving local problems.

The parochial and other prejudices shall be discouraged.

The women shall be given full representation in all spheres of national life.

Social justice shall be promoted.

Bonds with Muslim world shall be strengthened.

11. 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗿𝘆- The Constitution of 1973 stresses upon the establishment of an independent judiciary. Full job security has been provided. The judges are appointed by the President. They cannot be removed from service before the end of their term except on the recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council. Also, Judges are paid respectable salaries.

12. 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲- The 1973 Constitution has declared Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. However, English has been retained as the official language for 15 years. Similarly, regional languages have been provided full protection.

13. 𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲 𝗖𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘇𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽- The Constitution of 1973 has established the principles of single citizenship. According to this principle, the rights and duties of the citizens are determined by the Federal Constitution only. Thus the people throughout Pakistan are citizens of Pakistan.

14. 𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗟𝗮𝘄- The 1973 Constitution establishes the rule of law in Pakistan. According to the rule of law, no person can be deprived of his fundamental rights. All the citizens of Pakistan are equal before the law.

15. 𝗛𝗶𝗴𝗵 𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗼𝗻- According to the Constitution of 1973, the act of unconstitutional abrogation of the Constitution has been declared as an act of High Treason.

16. 𝗥𝗲𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗺- The Constitution of 1973 has authorised the President to hold Referendum on any national issue. Similarly, the Prime Minister can ask the President to hold a referendum on any important national issue.

𝗙𝗼𝗿 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗙𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗼𝘄 𝗠𝗲 👉 𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳 𝗣𝗮𝗸𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀

𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳 1956 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:

1- 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- This is a written and lengthy document. It consists of 234 Articles divided into 13 parts and 6 schedules.

2- 𝗙𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- The constitution could be amended through a process requiring the amendment to be passed by at least a two-thirds majority of the parliament. However, the president had the right to veto the draft, which then could be overridden by a simple parliamentary majority.

3-𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗥𝗲𝗽𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗢𝗳 𝗣𝗮𝗸𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻 - The name of the country was adopted as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

4-𝗢𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - The objective resolution was included as a preamble of the constitution.

5-𝗙𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 - The constitution provides for a federal system in the country. Powers was divided between the centre and the provinces. The subjects were divided into three lists; The Federal List, The Provincial List, and the Concurrent List.

6-𝗨𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲- The legislature would consist of a single house. Both the wings of the country were given representation in the National Assembly. The National Assembly consisted of 300 members. 150 members were drawn from each wing.

7- 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 - a parliamentary system was adopted, according to it the president was the head of state and the Prime Minister the head of government.

8-𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁- required to be a Muslim of at least forty years of age. The tenure of his office was five years. In case of the internal or external danger, he could declare a state of emergency in the country. He was authorized to appoint the Governors, the Judges of the Supreme Court, Auditor General and the Advocate General.

9-𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗺𝗲 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿- He was to be the leader of the Parliamentary group and was thus indirectly elected by the people. He could choose his cabinet from the members of the National Assembly; the cabinet was answerable to the Assembly.

10-𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝘂𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗺𝘆 - Curtailed in the constitution to a great extent.

11-𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗟𝗮𝘄- no law would be passed against the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah.

12-𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗿𝘆 - An independent judiciary in the country. A Supreme Court interpreted the constitution, advised the state whenever required, and decided the issues whenever required.

13-𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝘀 - including freedom of movement, freedom of speech and expression, freedom to choose profession and freedom to profess religion. Right to life, liberty, and property.

14-𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲- Urdu & Bengali

𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳 1962 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:

1) 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻The Constitution of 1962 was a written document. It consisted of three schedules and 250 articles.

2) 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - A rigid constitution can only be amended through a particular process. If an amendment to the constitution is passed by at least two-third majority of the parliament then it becomes a part of law after authentication by the President.

3) 𝗙𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 - A federal system was introduced in the country. It consisted of a central government and two provincial government comprising East and West Pakistan.

4) 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗢𝗳 𝗚𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁- President was the head Executive of the nation. He was empowered to nominate the ministers of his cabinet.

5) 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲-  there is only one house in Parliament

6) 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁 𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱 𝗢𝗳 𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- The President was elected by an Electoral College comprising 80,000 Basic Democrats, equally distributed between the two provinces.

7) 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗚𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀- There were two provincial governments. Each of them was headed by a governor. He enjoyed powers in the province which the President enjoyed in the centre. The Governor was empowered to appoint provincial ministers with the sanction of the President of Pakistan.

8) 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 - Each province was provided with a legislature. It originally consisted of 150 members. However, later on, this number was increased to 218.

9) 𝗣𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗢𝗳 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁- According to the 1962 Constitution the President should be a Muslim with the term of 5 years. He was eligible to promulgate Ordinances and veto against legislated laws only override-able by two/thirds of the National Assembly. However, the President was not empowered to dissolve the Assembly except the cost of his office also.

10) 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗢𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁- The President was not allowed to hold any office of profit in the service of Pakistan but was not prevented from holding a managing private property.

11) 𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗟𝗮𝘄-No Law would be passed against the teaching of Quran and Sunnah and the existing laws would be made Islamic.

12) 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝘀 - The constitution of 1962 laid down fundamental rights of speech and expression, freedom to choose profession and freedom to profess religion. With regards to civil rights, familiar right such as the rights of life, livery and property was granted.

13) 𝗥𝗼𝗹𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗿𝘆- The Judiciary was responsible for the interpretation of laws and executive orders in the light of the principles embodied in a written constitution.

14) 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗹 - A supreme judicial council consisting of two judges of supreme court chief justice of supreme court and two judges of high courts was to be established.

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗳 1973:

After taking control of the government in 1971. Z.A. Bhutto started work on a democratic constitution for the country. On 17th April 1972, the National Assembly constituted a committee to prepare a draft constitution. The Committee worked hard and prepared the draft of the constitution which was presented to the leaders of all parliamentary leaders on 20th October 1972. All the leaders signed the draft. After that, it was discussed and debated n the National Assembly which gave its approval on 10th April 1973. The President gave his assent on 12th April 1973. Finally, the Senate approved the constitution in August 1973. Consequently, the constitution was enforced in the country on 14th August 1973. According to the Constitution of 1973, Mr Z.A. Bhutto looks over as the tenth Prime Minister and Mr Fazl-e-Elahi was sworn in as the President of Pakistan.

𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳 1973 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:

The Constitution of 1973 is strikingly different from the earlier Constitution of 1956 and 1962. It has the following salient features.

1. 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- Like the previous constitutions of 1956 and 1962, the Constitution of 1973 is a written document. It is very comprehensive and consists of twelve parts consisting of 280 articles.

2. 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗢𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻-It commences with an introductory which slates Islam shall be the state religion. The principles and provisions set out in the Objectives Resolution have been made a substantive part of the constitution.

3. 𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 - The inclusion of Islamic Provisions has given the 1973 Constitution an unprecedented Islamic character. It ensures an Islamic system in the country.

4. 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻- It is a rigid constitution. No Government can change it at will. It is not easy to make amendments in it. A two-thirds majority of both the Houses is required for this purpose.

5. 𝗙𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺- The Constitution of 1973 has introduced a Federal system in the country. The federation of Pakistan consists of a Central Government and four Provincial Governments. The Federal Government is headed by a President elected by members of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)

6. 𝗣𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺 𝗢𝗳 𝗚𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁- The 1973 Constitution proposes a Parliamentary form of Government in the country. Prime minister is the head of the Parliamentary system. He is the leader of the Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliamentary). He is elected on a direct adult franchise basis. The Prime Minister selects a cabinet of central ministers from the members of Parliament which conduct the affairs of the country. According to the 1973 Constitution, the Prime Minister enjoys wide powers.

7. 𝗕𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 - The Constitution provides for the establishment of a bicameral legislature in Pakistan. The Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) consists of two Houses named Senate and National Assembly. The Senate or the Upper House consists of 63 members (the 8th Amendment has raised this number to 87). The National Assembly consists of 200 members (Now this number has been raised to 207). The Majlis-e-Shoora enjoys wide powers of the legislature.

8. 𝗗𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱 𝗢𝗳 𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - The Constitution of 1973 gives a direct method of election. The members of the National Assembly, the Provincial Assemblies are directly elected by the people.

9. 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝘀 - The 1973 Constitution ensures the following fundamental rights to the citizens of Pakistan.

Security of person

Safeguard against unlawful arrest and detention

Prohibition of slavery and forced labour

Freedom of movement

Freedom of assembly

Freedom of association

Freedom of business

Freedom of speech

Freedom of professing religion

Right to hold property

Equality before law

Right to preserve language, script and culture

Safeguard against discrimination in services.

10. 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗲𝗹𝘀 𝗢𝗳 𝗣𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘆 - The Constitution of 1973 has set the following principles of policy:

Local electoral bodies will be set up for solving local problems.

The parochial and other prejudices shall be discouraged.

The women shall be given full representation in all spheres of national life.

Social justice shall be promoted.

Bonds with Muslim world shall be strengthened.

11. 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗿𝘆- The Constitution of 1973 stresses upon the establishment of an independent judiciary. Full job security has been provided. The judges are appointed by the President. They cannot be removed from service before the end of their term except on the recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council. Also, Judges are paid respectable salaries.

12. 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲- The 1973 Constitution has declared Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. However, English has been retained as the official language for 15 years. Similarly, regional languages have been provided full protection.

13. 𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲 𝗖𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘇𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽- The Constitution of 1973 has established the principles of single citizenship. According to this principle, the rights and duties of the citizens are determined by the Federal Constitution only. Thus the people throughout Pakistan are citizens of Pakistan.

14. 𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗟𝗮𝘄- The 1973 Constitution establishes the rule of law in Pakistan. According to the rule of law, no person can be deprived of his fundamental rights. All the citizens of Pakistan are equal before the law.

15. 𝗛𝗶𝗴𝗵 𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗼𝗻- According to the Constitution of 1973, the act of unconstitutional abrogation of the Constitution has been declared as an act of High Treason.

16. 𝗥𝗲𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗺- The Constitution of 1973 has authorised the President to hold Referendum on any national issue. Similarly, the Prime Minister can ask the President to hold a referendum on any important national issue.

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